            


"SUÓDVMP$JFOUÓmDP4DJFOUJmD1BQFS



DISEÑO DE UN PLAN PARA LA IMPLEMENTACIÓN DE ESTACIONES DE
RECARGA SEMI-RÁPIDA PARA VEHÍCULOS ELÉCTRICOS EN LA CIUDAD DE
GUAYAQUIL
DESIGN OF A PLAN FOR THE IMPLEMENTATION OF SEMI-QUICK
RECHARGE STATIONS FOR ELECTRIC VEHICLES IN THE CITY OF
GUAYAQUIL
Marco Noroña Autor
1
,
1
Universidad Internacional del Ecuador, Av. Raúl Gómez Lince (Av. Las Aguas) y 15a.
e – mail:
1
manoroname@uide.edu.ec
Revista Energía Mecánica Innovación y Futuro VI Edición 2017, No.1 (19)

      
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     
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        
        
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        
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"SUÓDVMP$JFOUÓmDP4DJFOUJmD1BQFS






         

GH FRPEXVWLyQ PiV H¿FLHQWHV (Q (FXDGRU VH
     
     
      
      
   
       
SURYHQLHQWHV GH OD 'LUHFFLyQ 1DFLRQDO GH
+LGURFDUEXURVHQ>@
(Q HO DxR  OD PDUFD FRUHDQD .,$ IXH OD
      
PRGHORHOpFWULFR³.,$628/´\SRVWHULRU
PHQWHPDUFDVFRPR1LVVDQ5HQDXOWHQWUHRWURV
VHKDQVXPDGRDHVWDLQLFLDWLYD
    
     
XQD RSHUDFLyQ H¿FLHQWH HQ HO VLVWHPD HOpFWULFR
        


ODLQWHJUDFLyQGHHQHUJtDVUHQRYDEOHV
3DUDORJUDUXQDRSHUDFLyQH¿FLHQWHHQHOVLVWHPD
      

       


DIHFWDFLyQDOXVDUVHODUHFDUJDUiSLGD








     
HQHUJtDHyOLFDHWF(OREMHWLYRGHOHVWHDUWtFXORHV

GHUHFDUJDVHPLUiSLGDSDUDYHKtFXORVHOpFWULFRV
HQODFLXGDGGH*XD\DTXLO
       
GH LPSOHPHQWDFLyQ GH SXQWRV GH UHFDUJD VHPL
       
      
VHFWRUHVGHODFLXGDGFRQPiVDÀXHQFLDYHKLFXODU
     
      


GHODFLXGDGGH*XD\DTXLOHQVXV(9YHKtFXORV
HOpFWULFRV


    
       
SRU XQR R YDULRV PRWRUHV HOpFWULFRV ([LVWHQ

VHPXHVWUDHQOD¿JXUD
)LJXUD&RPSDUDFLyQGHOIXQFLRQDPLHQWRGHORV
YHKtFXORVHOpFWULFRV



       
UXHGDV (VWH WLSR GH YHKtFXOR IXQFLRQD FRQ XQ


GH ODV UXHGDV /D EDWHUtD HV UHFDUJDGD SRU HO

       
UHJHQHUDWLYR
     
HQ HO PHUFDGR VRQ 7R\RWD 3ULXV &KHYUROHW
(VFDODGD +LEULGD )RUG )XVLyQ +LEULGD 7R\RWD
    
+RQGD&LYLF+\EULGHWF
            


"SUÓDVMP$JFOUÓmDP4DJFOUJmD1BQFS




      
      
       

SXQWRGHUHFDUJDH[WHUQR8QRGHORVSUREOHPDV
  
EDWHUtDVORFXDOHTXLYDOHDXQSHVRH[WUD0XFKRV


       
   


      
       
DOPRWRU HOpFWULFR (O SULPHU 3+(9ODQ]DGRDO
PHUFDGR IXH HO )'0 3+(9 GH OD PDUFD
FKLQD%<'ODQ]DGRHQSRVWHULRUPHQWHHO
&KHYUROHWYROW$XGL$YROYR9HQWUHRWURV
VHVXPDURQDODOLVWD

        
      


GHFRPEXVWLEOHHVGHFLUHO~QLFRFHURHPLVLRQHV


H[WHUQR\WDPELpQSRUIUHQDGRUHJHQHUDWLYR

     
GHHVFDSH\ XQQRWDEOHDKRUURGHHQHUJtD/RV
PRGHORV PiV FRQRFLGRV GH (9 VRQ 1LVVDQ
/($).LD6RXO%0:L5HQDXOW7ZL]\HQWUH
RWURV

     

      

PXHVWUDQHQOD¿JXUD
)LJXUD&RPSRQHQWHVGHOYHKtFXORHOpFWULFR)XHQWH>@



      
    


UHGXFLU HO FRQVXPR GH FRPEXVWLEOHV IyVLOHV
    
DGTXLVLFLyQGHYHKtFXORVHOpFWULFRV$FWXDOPHQWH
      


7UROHE~VRYHKtFXORGHDOLPHQWDFLyQH[WHUQD

HOYHKtFXORHVWiSDUDGR
(ODxR IXHPX\LPSRUWDQWH SDUDLQGXVWULD
      
HO 1LVVDQ /($) SULPHU YHKtFXOR WRWDOPHQWH
HOpFWULFR GH FRPHUFLDOL]DFLyQ PDVLYD 5HYLVWD
0RWRUHV(VWHYHKtFXOR1LVVDQ/($)WLHQHXQD
YHORFLGDGPi[LPDGHNPK\XQDFDSDFLGDG
       

SULQFLSDOHVFLXGDGHV1RUHTXLHUHGHFRPEXVWLEOH
SDUDJHQHUDUVXPRYLPLHQWR
       
     

GHXQDPDWUL]HQHUJpWLFDH¿FLHQWHDVtFRPRXQD
PHMRUDHQHODLUH\VDOXGGHORVKDELWDQWHV(QHO
DxRODPDUFD5HQDXOW1LVVDQUHDOL]ySUXHEDV
HQHOPRGHOR³.DQJRR´HOFXDOHVXQYHKtFXORGH

HQWUHJDGHHQFRPLHQGDV(VWHYHKtFXORSRVHHXQD
DXWRQRPtDGHNPHQWUHUHFDUJD\UHFDUJD(O
FDUURVHUHFDUJDPHGLDQWHXQ:DOOER[GH
            


"SUÓDVMP$JFOUÓmDP4DJFOUJmD1BQFS



        
  
HQ OD RSHUDFLyQ GHO PRWRU 1R WLHQH HVFDSH \
WLHQHXQFRVWRDSUR[LPDGRGHGyODUHVSDUD
UHFRUUHUNLOyPHWURV
     

      
OLGHUDQODYHQWDGHYHKtFXORVHOpFWULFRVHQHOSDtV
<VHKDQXELFDGRHQFLQFRSURYLQFLDV'HVGHTXH
VHLQWURGXMRHO.LD6RXO(9HQHOVHKDQ


DKRUURHFRQyPLFR\DPLJDEOHDOPHGLRDPELHQWH
     
$XWRPRWULFHV GHO (FXDGRU HQ HO DxR  VH
DGTXLULHURQXQLGDGHV(OVHXELFDHQ
ODVSURYLQFLDVGH*XD\DV\3LFKLQFKD
       
      
'D\DQJ ODV FXDOHV IXHURQ ODV SLRQHUDV %<'
UHFLHQWHPHQWH IRUPR SDUWH FRQ XQ PRGHOR (V

     
YHQGLGDVVLHQGRODVYHQGLGDVHQHOGH
DFXHUGRFRQOD$($'(
(VWH YHKtFXOR WLHQH XQ FRVWR GHVGH ORV 
GyODUHV\DOFDQ]DXQDYHORFLGDGPi[LPDGH
NPSRUKRUD
(O 7ZL]\ =( WLHQH XQD FDSDFLGDG SDUD GRV
      
FRPSHWHQFLD(QFLXGDGHVFRPR4XLWR/DWDFXQJD
*XD\DTXLO\&XHQFD\DVHHQFXHQWUDQXQLGDGHV
(Q HO  VH ORJUDURQ YHQGHU  XQLGDGHV \
VH SUHYp SDUD HO  GXSOLFDU HVD FDQWLGDG
        
RSFLRQHVGH¿QDQFLDPLHQWR6HJ~QHVWXGLRVVLVH
UHFRUUHQ NLOyPHWURVHQ ODFLXGDG VXEDWHUtD
SRGUtDGXUDUWUHVGtDV&KLQDWDPELpQVHKDXQLGR


6FXDWURSDVDMHURV&KRN&GRVSDVDMHURV\
HO&KRN+TXHHVXQDFDPLRQHWD
      
GHVGH   6H D¿UPD TXH DOFDQ]DQ XQD
      
FRQVXPR SURPHGLR GH  DO PHV VL VH
UHDOL]D XQD UHFDUJD DO GLD 6X DXWRQRPtD HV GH
DSUR[LPDGDPHQWHNPV\VHSXHGHUHFDUJDU
FRQYROWDMHVGH9\9

     

      

      
QHFHVLWDQGHpVWDSDUDVXIXQFLRQDPLHQWR(QORV
     
      

       
PRWRUHOpFWULFR
      
UiSLGD GH UHFDUJD VHPLUiSLGD \ GH UHFDUJD
OHQWD/DVQRUPDWLYDVYLJHQWHVDXQTXHULJHQORV
     
VRQ ,(&  \ ,(&  TXH VH UH¿HUH D
HQFKXIHV \ ,(&TXH ULJH DFHUFD GH ORV
PRGRVGHUHFDUJD
)LJXUD&RPSRQHQWHVGHOYHKtFXORHOpFWULFR)XHQWH

            


"SUÓDVMP$JFOUÓmDP4DJFOUJmD1BQFS



7DEOD9HKtFXORVHOpFWULFRVHQ(FXDGRU\VXV



   



HOHFWULFLGDG<DTXHHOFRPSRQHQWHSULQFLSDOGH

GHEHQVHUUHFDUJDGDVIUHFXHQWHPHQWH
       
      

Q~PHURHQODYtDS~EOLFD
  
      

HVWDFLRQHV GH VHUYLFLR HWF $GDSWDQGR XQD
  
QHFHVLGDGHV GHO XVXDULR 6H GHEHUi FRQWDU FRQ
      
      

ODUHGHOpFWULFD


 
       

FyPRGR\FRQ¿DEOH

HVSDFLRVS~EOLFRVRSULYDGRV
 
ࡳ 3DUTXHDGHURVSULYDGRVFRQGRPLQLRV
ࡳ 3DUTXHDGHUR&HQWURVFRPHUFLDOHV
ࡳ 3DUTXHDGHURVHPSUHVDULDOHV(PSUHVDV
 
ࡳ 9tDS~EOLFD
ࡳ (OHFWUROLQHUDV



ODRSFLyQGHUHFDUJDVHPLUiSLGD\UiSLGDORFXDO
HVXQJUDQEHQH¿FLRSDUDTXHXQPD\RUQ~PHUR
GHXVXDULRVVHEHQH¿FLHQGHHVWHVHUYLFLR\DTXH
         
WLHPSR
       



ODUJRGHODFLXGDG
      
      
LQVWDODFLyQ\FRQH[LyQ

=RQDVGHJUDQDÀXHQFLDYHKLFXODU
)LJXUD6HxDOL]DFLyQHQODFDO]DGDGHSXQWRGH
UHFDUJDGHYHKtFXORVHOpFWULFRV)XHQWH>@


KRUL]RQWDODWUDYpVGHXQSLQWDGRHQODFDO]DGD










 





 


  
            


"SUÓDVMP$JFOUÓmDP4DJFOUJmD1BQFS



7DEOD(VSHFL¿FDFLRQHVGHORVWLSRVGHUHFDUJDSDUD
YHKtFXORVHOpFWULFRV

      

       
      
       
      
GRPLFLOLR
     


GHFRQWUROFRQOD¿QDOLGDGTXHKD\DIDFLOLGDG
GHFRQH[LyQDODUHG
      
SLQWDGRHQHOSDYLPHQWR
      
FRQFXUUHQFLDYHKLFXODU

'DGRTXHHQIHEUHURGHOOHJyD*XD\DTXLOHO


PRGHORV PiVGH GLVWLQWDV PDUFDV HVH DxR VH
YHQGLHURQYHKtFXORVHOpFWULFRVHQODFLXGDGGH
*XD\DTXLO\HQHOSDtV\VHHVWLPDTXHSDUD
HOHQFXUVRVHGXSOLTXHHVDFLIUDVHJ~QOD
$($'(
(VWRVLJQL¿FDTXHD¿QHVGHHQODFLXGDG
GH *XD\DTXLO HVWDUiQ FLUFXODQGR FHUFD GH 
      

     
D¿DQ]DUVH HQ HO PHUFDGR JXD\DTXLOHxR HV FDGD
GtDPiVXUJHQWH
      
SUR\HFWR FRQVWUXLU HQ  DxRV  HVWDFLRQHV GH
      
HQ  VHFWRUHV SULQFLSDOHV ORV FXDOHVVRQ QRUWH

XQDEDVWHFLPLHQWRSURJUHVLYRH¿FLHQWHFRQIRUPH
DOFUHFLPLHQWRGHOPHUFDGR
7DEOD'LVWULEXFLyQGHODVHVWDFLRQHVGHUHFDUJDVHPL
UiSLGDHQODFLXGDGGH*XD\DTXLO
      
SUR\HFWR FRQVWUXLU HQ  DxRV  HVWDFLRQHV GH
      
HQ  VHFWRUHV SULQFLSDOHV ORV FXDOHVVRQ QRUWH

XQDEDVWHFLPLHQWRSURJUHVLYRH¿FLHQWHFRQIRUPH
DOFUHFLPLHQWRGHOPHUFDGR


         
       
XQFRFKHHOpFWULFRFRQXQDEDWHUtDGHN:HQ
DSUR[LPDGDPHQWHXQDKRUDWUHLQWDPLQXWRV
      
       
      
        

<D]DNL
      

       
      
YHKtFXORHOpFWULFRVLQFRQWDPLQDUODFLXGDG

       

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
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
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3RWHQFLDN:
3XHUWRVGHUHFDUJD
&RQHFWRU0HQQHNHV<D]DNL
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,GHDOSDUDLPSOHPHQWDUXQVLVWHPDGHSDJRV
       
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'LVHxDGRDQWLYDQGiOLFR(VWUXFWXUDGHDFHUR
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


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
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N: FDGD XQD HVWR VLJQL¿FD TXH SRGHPRV
        
GLVSRVLWLYR/RFXDOQRVSHUPLWHWHQHUXQDKRUUR
GHHVSDFLR\GHUHFXUVRV
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
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HQHVWH FDVRVHUi PHGLDQWHWDUMHWDV PDJQpWLFDV
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
     
D FDUJR GH OD UHFDUJD GH ODV WDUMHWDV HWF (VWD

      
            


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
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
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     
FRPLVDULDWRHWFeVWRVQRVEULQGDUiQHOVHUYLFLR
      
UHFDUJRGHDSUR[LPDGDPHQWHHOGHOWRWDOGH

WDUMHWDHVWHYDORUQRVHUiDVXPLGRSRUHOXVXDULR




GHODEDWHUtDDUHFDUJDU

        
*XD\DTXLOSURYLQFLDGHO*XD\DV/DFLXGDGGH
     
      
HOpFWULFRV FRPSUDGRV HQ  FRQ XQ WRWDO GH
 \ VH FRQVLGHUD TXH D ¿QHV GH  HVWDUtDQ
FLUFXODQGR DOUHGHGRU GH  VHJ~Q OD$($'(
       
DSUR[LPDGDPHQWH  6H VROLFLWR OD JHQWLO
       


UHFDUJDVHPLUiSLGDSDUDYHKtFXORVHOpFWULFRVHQ
ODFLXGDGGH*XD\DTXLO/DHQFXHVWDIXHDSOLFDGD

FLXGDGGH*XD\DTXLO6HJ~QHOJpQHURKXERXQ
WRWDOGHKRPEUHVTXHUHSUHVHQWDQXQ\
PXMHUHVSDUDXQ6HJ~QHOUDQJRGHHGDG
RVFLODQGHDDxRVXQWRWDOGHSHUVRQDV
HQFXHVWDGDVSDUD XQGHD DxRVXQ
WRWDOGHSHUVRQDVSDUDXQSURSLHWDULRV
GH  D  DxRV SDUD XQ  \ GH PiV GH 
DxRVXQWRWDOGHSHUVRQDVSDUDXQ(QHVWH
      


      
YHKtFXORHOpFWULFR"
*Ui¿FR¢(VWDUtDGLVSXHVWRDDGTXLULUXQYHKtFXOR
HOpFWULFR"(ODERUDGRSRU(O$XWRU
(OGHODVSHUVRQDVHQFXHVWDGDVDSUXHEDQODV
      

HOUHVWDQWHSLHQVDTXHVHYDDTXHGDUFRQVX
WUDGLFLRQDOYHKtFXORFRQPRWRUGHFRPEXVWLyQ
3UHJXQWD¢&UHHTXHVRQQHFHVDULDVODLQVWDODFLyQ

HQODFLXGDGGH*XD\DTXLO"
*Ui¿FR¢6RQQHFHVDULDVODVLQVWDODFLRQHVGHUHFDUJD
HQ*XD\DTXLO"

(OGHSHUVRQDVHQFXHVWDGDVFRQVLGHUDQTXH


*XD\DTXLO PLHQWUDV TXH VROR HO  FRQVLGHUD
        

       
        
      
    
XQPHGLGRUH[FOXVLYRSDUDHVWDLQVWDODFLyQ

7HQLHQGRHQFXHQWDGDWRVKLVWyULFRVGHHVWDFLRQHV


HOpFWULFRVHQODFLXGDGGH*XD\DTXLOTXHD¿QHV
GHVHUiGHVHFRQVLGHUDDWHQGHUFRPR
SURPHGLR VHPDQDO XQ WRWDO GH  UHFDUJDV GH
FRQVLGHUDQGRTXHVRORHOGHORVYHKtFXORV
 YHKtFXORV XWLOL]D OD UHFDUJD VHPLUiSLGD
HQODYtDS~EOLFD\TXHFDGDGtDVVHUHFDUJDQ
HVWRVYHKtFXORVFRQXQUHFRUULGRSURPHGLRGH
NPGLDULRVHVGHFLUGRVYHFHVSRU VHPDQD 8Q
DxRWLHQH PHVHV \ODV HVWDFLRQHVGH UHFDUJD
IXQFLRQDUDQ WRGRV ORV GtDV HV GHFLU VHUiQ 
WUDEDMDGRV SRU DxR 3RU WDQWR HO SURPHGLR
HVWLPDGR GH UHFDUJDVHQ HO DxR VHUtD GH 
7HQLHQGRHQ FXHQWDTXHVHSUHYp TXH FDGDDxR
DXPHQWH HQ XQ  HO Q~PHUR GH YHKtFXORV
            


"SUÓDVMP$JFOUÓmDP4DJFOUJmD1BQFS




VRORXWLOLFHQODUHFDUJDVHPLUiSLGDHOGHORV
YHKtFXORVVLJQL¿FDTXHSDUDHOVHDWHQGHUiQ
FRPRSURPHGLRUHFDUJDVVHPDQDOHVFRQXQ
WRWDOGHUHFDUJDVDODxRHQHODxRVH
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