MASKAY
type: channel
description: Maskay is a scientific journal with semestral periodicity edited by the Department of Electrical, Electronics, and Telecommunications Engineering of the Universidad de las Fuerzas Armadas ESPE since 2011. Each volume of the Maskay journal comprises two issues; the first corresponds to the period between December and May, whereas the second number covers the period between June and November of each year. Makay journal is indexed in SciELO-Ecuador, Latindex, LatAmPlus, RootIndexing, MIAR, DOAJ, Directory of Research Journals Indexing, Dialnet, and REDIB (Red Iberoamericana de Innovación y Conocimiento Científico) platform; seeking to be a benchmark of advances related to Electrical and Electronic Engineering in the region.
publisher: Universidad de las Fuerzas Armadas ESPE
language: en
publication name: MASKAY
issn: 1390-6712
copyright: Authors who publish in this journal agree to the following terms: Authors retain the copyright and guarantee the journal the right to be the first publication of the work, as well as, licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others share the work with an acknowledgment of the authorship of the work and the initial publication in this journal. Authors may separately establish additional agreements for the non-exclusive distribution of the version of the work published in the journal (for example, placing it in an institutional repository or publishing it in a book), with acknowledgment of its initial publication in this journal. Authors are allowed and encouraged to disseminate their work electronically (for example, in institutional repositories or on their own website) before and during the submission process, as it may lead to productive exchanges as well as further citation earliest and oldest of published works.
items: Maskay Vol. 16 No. 2
items: Maskay Vol. 16 No. 1
items: Technical–economic feasibility: LTE coverage in the 700 MHz band in the El Tambo commune
items: Maskay Vol. 15 No. 2
items: Adaptive algorithm for energy consumption in Internet of Things networks
items: Evaluation of performance and scalability in SDN networks using sFlow
items: Application of artificial intelligence in the Internet of Things: a documentary study
items: Microstrip-fed tap monopole antenna with ultra-wideband performance for IoT and 5G applications
items: Design and simulation of circularly polarized, quasi-square microstrip antennas for microsatellites: A practical guide to simulation with HFSS™ software
items: Design of a predictive control tuned by an evolutionary algorithm applied to a nonlinear conical tank level
items: Comparison of interior propagation models of the Wi-Fi network at the 5785 MHz band through RSSI measurements
items: Systematic analysis of data security protocols in cloud computing: Literature review
items: Uplink performance evaluation of wireless networks based on IEEE 802.11g and IEEE 802.11n under co-channel interference
items: Performance evaluation of IEEE 802.11g/n compliant wireless networks under different interference scenarios: Downlink
items: Maskay Vol. 15 No. 1
items: Maskay Vol. 14 No. 2
items: Maskay Vol. 14 No. 1
items: Maskay Vol. 13 No. 2
items: Maskay Vol. 13 No. 1
items: Maskay Vol. 12 No. 2
items: Maskay Vol. 12 No. 1
items: Prototype of a self-sustainable weather station for real-time monitoring of climate variables in Salinas
items: Biometric System: Study of Radiation on the Human Arm
items: Design and implementation of a patch-fractal antenna with phase control using Butler matrix
items: Construction of a micro-hydroelectric generator based on a lower intake crossflow turbine
items: Use of the 433MHz band for underwater communications in controlled environments
items: Design of an optical-wireless system for the analysis of free space optics technology
items: Comparative analysis of propagation models in mobile telephony in the 1900 MHz band (LTE) using electric field measurements in Ambato city
items: Comparative analysis of propagation path loss models for mobile communication in Riobamba
items: Dual-band monopole antennas for RF energy harvesting from the environment

Maskay Vol. 16 No. 2
type: item
description: Maskay Vol. 16 No. 2
subject: COMPLETE ISSUE
  topic: section
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
date: 2025-12-09
publication date: 2025-12-09

Maskay Vol. 16 No. 1
type: item
description: Maskay Vol. 16 No. 1
subject: COMPLETE ISSUE
  topic: section
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
date: 2025-11-01
publication date: 2025-11-01

Technical–economic feasibility: LTE coverage in the 700 MHz band in the El Tambo commune
type: item
description: The rural commune of El Tambo, in the province of Santa Elena, is characterized by a very marked digital divide, due to the deficient coverage of the services of mobile phone operators, which have coverage between -140 dBm and -120 dBm, making networks with 4G technology inoperable, which limits the population from developing socioeconomically. The objective of this research was to determine the technical and economic feasibility of implementing a node with LTE coverage on the 700 MHz platform. The research validation methodology combined simulations in the specialized software ATOLL (under an educational license) to design the coverage, with a financial analysis using a 15% discount rate. The technical results confirm that the proposed solution guarantees optimal coverage, with RSRP signal levels above -85 dBm, despite colocation, in the El Tambo commune and surrounding communities such as Prosperidad, La Ladrillera, and La Delicia. In the economic field, the project demonstrated a high viability and profitability index, presenting a Discounted Payback Time, TDR, of 1 year and 5 months. In contrast, the profitability was ratified with a Net Present Value, NPV, of $30217.15 and an Internal Rate of Return, IRR, of 49.81% at the end of year 2. At that time, the recovery of invested capital is resolved. It is concluded that this implementation is a technical necessity for developing community strategies and a good investment opportunity that promises a financial return significantly greater than the required risk.
subject: TECHNICAL PAPERS
  topic: section
subject: LTE Coverage
  topic: keywords
subject: Digital Divide
  topic: keywords
subject: 700 MHz
  topic: keywords
subject: El Tambo
  topic: keywords
subject: 4G Telephony
  topic: keywords
creator: José Leonidas Regatto Del Pezo
creator: Daniel Armando Jaramillo Chamba
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
date: 2025-12-09
publication date: 2025-12-09
starting page: 13
ending page: 24
doi: 10.24133/maskay.v16i2.4286

Maskay Vol. 15 No. 2
type: item
description: Maskay Vol. 15 No. 2
subject: COMPLETE ISSUE
  topic: section
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
date: 2025-05-29
publication date: 2025-05-29

Adaptive algorithm for energy consumption in Internet of Things networks
type: item
description: This project proposed the design and implementation of an adaptive algorithm to optimize energy consumption in Internet of Things (IoT) networks using the RPL routing protocol. The research addressed the need to improve the efficiency of IoT devices powered by limited batteries, especially in contexts with limited electrical infrastructure, such as the Mocache canton in Ecuador. By integrating metrics such as residual energy, link quality (ETX), and signal strength (RSSI), the algorithm enabled dynamic adjustment of transmission power and the selection of more efficient routes, reducing energy loss without compromising service quality. The methodology was based on controlled simulations in Cooja/Contiki-OS, using a domestic scenario with three nodes (coordinator, sensor, and actuator), running two treatments: standard RPL and the modified RPL with the proposed algorithm. The results demonstrated a 22% reduction in average energy consumption (from 35 mJ to 27 mJ per node), an increase in PDR from 94.5% to 95.2%, and a decrease in parent changes, evidencing greater DODAG stability. The proposal achieves efficiency comparable to previous works while maintaining low computational overhead, operating on microcontrollers with limited resources. It is concluded that the adaptive algorithm represents a viable solution for domestic and rural IoT networks with energy constraints, providing a balance between energy savings and implementation simplicity.
subject: TECHNICAL PAPERS
  topic: section
subject: low-power networks
  topic: keywords
subject: Energy efficiency
  topic: keywords
subject: routing protocols
  topic: keywords
subject: network simulation
  topic: keywords
subject: residual energy
  topic: keywords
creator: Santiago Meneses
creator: Emilio Emilio
creator: Milton Bajaña
creator: Diego Intriago
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
date: 2025-12-09
publication date: 2025-12-09
starting page: 25
ending page: 32
doi: 10.24133/maskay.v16i2.4294

Evaluation of performance and scalability in SDN networks using sFlow
type: item
description: Software-Defined Networking (SDN) separates the data plane from the control plane, enabling centralized and flexible network management. Traditional networks face significant challenges in terms of scalability and flexibility; therefore, implementing efficient traffic monitoring techniques is crucial. Using a protocol like sFlow within an SDN network helps optimize performance and resource management, facilitating the analysis of network scalability and efficiency. In this work, we investigate the integration of the sFlow protocol into an SDN architecture to collect real-time network status data and evaluate its scalability. A custom topology was created using the Mininet simulation environment and the Ryu controller, with the sFlow protocol and sFlow-RT deployed to capture traffic metrics, including packet loss, jitter, throughput, and total traffic. The results enable an analysis of how network scalability is affected as the number of devices increases. As more devices connect, network capacity begins to decline, especially when over thirty devices are connected, leading to higher packet loss and reception failures. This behavior heavily depends on how efficiently the controller manages the network.
subject: TECHNICAL PAPERS
  topic: section
subject: SDN network
  topic: keywords
subject: Ryu controller
  topic: keywords
subject: sFlow protocol
  topic: keywords
subject: Real-time monitoring
  topic: keywords
subject: sFlow-RT
  topic: keywords
creator: Sebastian Ruiz
creator: Esthefanny Bonilla
creator: Madelaine Muñoz
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
date: 2025-12-09
publication date: 2025-12-09
starting page: 6
ending page: 12
doi: 10.24133/maskay.v16i2.4203

Application of artificial intelligence in the Internet of Things: a documentary study
type: item
description: The convergence of the Internet of Things (IoT) and Artificial Intelligence (AI) has catalyzed substantial advancements across multiple sectors, including agriculture, security, healthcare, home automation, and resource management. This paper presents a systematic literature review aimed at identifying key applications, AI techniques, and benefits resulting from the integration of these technologies. The review process was conducted in accordance with the PRISMA methodology, encompassing publication selection, data extraction, and analysis. Out of 725 initially retrieved records, 53 studies were selected for detailed examination. The results indicate that multisensor systems represent 28.85% of the reported applications, followed by IoT security (21.15%) and smart cities (15.38%). In terms of AI techniques, multisensor data fusion was the most frequently employed (40.38%), followed by deep neural networks (19.23%) and support vector machines (15.38%). Most of the reviewed studies report accuracy levels of 90% or higher. These findings highlight the critical role of AI in enhancing IoT systems and identify the domains with the highest potential for future development.
subject: TECHNICAL PAPERS
  topic: section
subject: IoT
  topic: keywords
subject: AI
  topic: keywords
subject: machine learning
  topic: keywords
subject: prediction algorithms
  topic: keywords
creator: Gilma Mieles Mieles
creator: Marlon Navia Mendoza
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
date: 2025-08-22
publication date: 2025-08-22
starting page: 1
ending page: 8
doi: 10.24133/maskay.v16i1.4161

Microstrip-fed tap monopole antenna with ultra-wideband performance for IoT and 5G applications
type: item
description: In this paper, a planar microstrip-fed tab monopole antenna is designed and presented for ultra-wideband (UWB) wireless communication applications. The impedance bandwidth of the antenna is enhanced by adding a slit on one side of the monopole, introducing a tapered transition between the monopole and the feed line, and incorporating a two-step staircase notch in the ground plane. The proposed antenna would be printed on an Epoxy FR4 substrate, has a small size of 16×19mm, and provides an ultra-wide bandwidth from 1.2 to 20.8 GHz with a low VSWR level and good radiation characteristics, satisfying the requirements of current and future wireless communications systems.
subject: TECHNICAL PAPERS
  topic: section
subject: Ultra wideband
  topic: keywords
subject: IoT
  topic: keywords
subject: Microstrip-Fed
  topic: keywords
subject: Monopole Antenna
  topic: keywords
creator: Henry Mayorga Pérez
creator: Kelly Baño Cando
creator: James Neira Veloz
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
date: 2025-12-09
publication date: 2025-12-09
starting page: 1
ending page: 5
doi: 10.24133/maskay.v16i2.4159

Design and simulation of circularly polarized, quasi-square microstrip antennas for microsatellites: A practical guide to simulation with HFSS™ software
type: item
description: This paper presents a practical guide for the design of a Right-Hand Circular Polarization (RHCP) microstrip antenna using HFSS software. The design considers an antenna to acquire information transmitted by the Global Positioning System (GPS) in the L1 band. This signal is used by the Attitude Control Unit (ACU) to improve the positioning control of a microsatellite traveling in a Low Earth Orbit (LEO). Following the proposed procedure, values of an Axial Ratio (AR) of 1.22 dB, a directivity of 5.14 dB in the broadside direction, and an AR bandwidth of 15 MHz were obtained.
subject: SPECIAL SECTION ON TELECOMMUNICATIONS
  topic: section
subject: Microsatellites
  topic: keywords
subject: Microstrip antenna
  topic: keywords
subject: Circular polarization antenna
  topic: keywords
subject: Attitude determination
  topic: keywords
subject: LEO satellites
  topic: keywords
subject: Global Positioning System (GPS)
  topic: keywords
creator: Clara S Franco
creator: Willian Fontella
creator: Marco V. Heckler T.
creator: Edson Schlosser
creator: Marco F Lara M
creator: Rubén D. León V.
creator: Hector Moya
creator: José J. Freire
creator: Alexis F. Tinoco-S.
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
date: 2025-08-21
publication date: 2025-08-21
starting page: 41
ending page: 46
doi: 10.24133/maskay.v16i1.4151

Design of a predictive control tuned by an evolutionary algorithm applied to a nonlinear conical tank level
type: item
description: The control of nonlinear dynamic systems, such as the liquid level in a conical tank, poses a critical challenge in various military applications, particularly for handling heavy liquids and slurries. This paper presents the design of a Model Predictive Control (MPC) algorithm that uses Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) and Least Squares (LS) to control the liquid level in a conical tank. A prototype was built in a laboratory at the Universidad de las Fuerzas Armadas ESPE. The research highlights the limitations of traditional control methods, which fail to achieve a fast transient response and often cause overshoots. In the face of this problem, the incorporation of tuned evolutionary algorithms for MPC control is proposed to improve control performance for nonlinear systems.
subject: TECHNICAL PAPERS
  topic: section
subject: nonlinearity
  topic: keywords
subject: mpc controller
  topic: keywords
subject: Particle Swarm Optimization
  topic: keywords
creator: Karina Montaluisa Herrera
creator: Luis Tello Oquendo
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
date: 2025-05-29
publication date: 2025-05-29
starting page: 10
ending page: 17
doi: 10.24133/maskay.v15i2.4156

Comparison of interior propagation models of the Wi-Fi network at the 5785 MHz band through RSSI measurements
type: item
description: This study presents a comparative analysis of the Cost231-Multi-Wall Model, the Motley-Keenan Model, the Modified Free Space Model, and the Log-Normal Shadowing Path Loss Model, applied to a 5G Wi-Fi network in an indoor analysis. The research seeks to recommend the most appropriate small-scale propagation model based on empirical measurements of signal strength. Initially, the router is located within the analysis area. Then, a detailed sketch is made in SketchUp, locating 133 points around the primary router, covering the entire indoor area of the analysis, ensuring an accurate assessment of the cellular network coverage. Subsequently, with the data collected over three campaigns, propagation losses were calculated to determine the theoretical power of each model and compare the measured power values with the theoretical power values to obtain a specific model. The four propagation models analyzed in the evaluator are based on data obtained in the range [-20 to-91] dBm. It was concluded that the Keenan-Motley propagation model offered a better fit to the measurements, presenting a value of 12.59 dB. In contrast, the Cost 231 model showed a value of 17.18 dB, the Modified Free Space model showed a value of 26.47 dB, and the Log-Normal Shadowing Path Loss model showed a value of 27.57 dB, indicating a greater discrepancy concerning the measured data. This model demonstrated greater accuracy in predicting the reception power compared to the other analysis models, adapting better to the specific characteristics of the environment. These results highlight the importance of strategically locating the router; therefore, it is recommended to locate it in a central location.
subject: SPECIAL SECTION ON TELECOMMUNICATIONS
  topic: section
subject: Propagation Models
  topic: keywords
subject: indoor 5G Wi-Fi
  topic: keywords
subject: signal strength measurement
  topic: keywords
subject: model comparison
  topic: keywords
subject: router placement
  topic: keywords
creator: Dayana Mishell Pilco Maigua
creator: María Cristina Díaz González
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
date: 2025-08-20
publication date: 2025-08-20
starting page: 33
ending page: 40
doi: 10.24133/maskay.v16i1.4152

Systematic analysis of data security protocols in cloud computing: Literature review
type: item
description: This paper presents a systematic review of relevant studies published between 2019 and 2024, focusing on data security protocols in cloud computing environments. The selection process was based on rigorous criteria to identify the most relevant features of these protocols and their current applications. The review examines their advantages as well as the cryptographic mechanisms used to protect sensitive data, including Advanced Encryption Standard (AES), Rivest–Shamir–Adleman (RSA), and Elliptic Curve Cryptography (ECC). Additionally, the increasing use of Kubernetes as a container orchestration tool is analyzed, acknowledging its significance in modern cloud infrastructures. Within this context, several studies are reviewed that highlight implementation limitations such as inadequate privilege management and the reliance on third-party solutions. This research aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of current trends and challenges in cloud data security and to support the identification of potential strategies to address these issues and enhance the robustness of cloud-based security architectures.
subject: SPECIAL SECTION ON TELECOMMUNICATIONS
  topic: section
subject: Cloud security
  topic: keywords
subject: data encryption
  topic: keywords
subject: Cloud Computing
  topic: keywords
subject: security protocols
  topic: keywords
subject: Kubernetes
  topic: keywords
creator: Kevin Zambrano Estupiñan
creator: Denise Vera Navarrete
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
date: 2025-08-19
publication date: 2025-08-19
starting page: 23
ending page: 32
doi: 10.24133/maskay.v16i1.4150

Uplink performance evaluation of wireless networks based on IEEE 802.11g and IEEE 802.11n under co-channel interference
type: item
description: Due to their widespread use, wireless networks conforming to IEEE 802.11g/n standards can experience channel saturation, leading to interference that affects their performance. This study analyzes the performance of these networks under various interference scenarios, evaluating their behavior in terms of Quality of Service (QoS) metrics, including throughput, delay, jitter, and packet loss. Experiments were conducted in indoor environments using two standards, IEEE 802.11g/n, and different channel configurations. Initially, networks were evaluated in scenarios where all devices operated on the same channel (1, 6, or 11), creating co-channel interference. Subsequently, scenarios were analyzed where each access point operated on a different channel to minimize interference. The intrusive traffic injection technique was employed for data collection, enabling precise measurements of the analyzed metrics. The results indicate that network performance varies significantly depending on the standard used and the channel configuration. Overall, networks operating under the IEEE 802.11n standard exhibited better throughput performance but were more susceptible to interference compared to those operating under the IEEE 802.11g standard. Additionally, transmission efficiency decreased significantly in the presence of co-channel interference, with performance losses of up to 35% in some scenarios. These findings underscore the significance of effective channel planning in wireless networks, enabling optimal performance and mitigating the adverse effects of interference.
subject: SPECIAL SECTION ON TELECOMMUNICATIONS
  topic: section
subject: Normalized throughput
  topic: keywords
subject: delay
  topic: keywords
subject: jitter
  topic: keywords
subject: packet loss
  topic: keywords
subject: co-channel interference
  topic: keywords
subject: IEEE 802.11g
  topic: keywords
subject: IEEE 802.11n
  topic: keywords
creator: Carlos Veloz
creator: David Moran
creator: Darling Cruz
creator: Angelo Tupiza
creator: Alina Villavicencio
creator: Kevin Mendez
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
date: 2025-10-03
publication date: 2025-10-03
starting page: 47
ending page: 52
doi: 10.24133/maskay.v16i1.4149

Performance evaluation of IEEE 802.11g/n compliant wireless networks under different interference scenarios: Downlink
type: item
description: In this study, the performance of IEEE 802.11g and IEEE 802.11n wireless networks was investigated under different interference scenarios. Quality of service metrics include throughput, delay, delay variability, and packet loss rate. Experiments conducted in intra-apartment environments began with co-channel interference, with all devices connected on the same channel. Each device then broadcasts on a different channel, thereby minimizing interference. Intrusive traffic in the protocol was used for precise metrics measurements. Results indicate that performance varies depending on the standard and channel configuration. Overall, IEEE 802.11n offers superior performance, although it is more susceptible to interference compared to IEEE 802.11g. Transmission efficiency suffers significantly in the presence of co-channel interference, with throughput losses reaching up to 35% in specific scenarios. This study underscores the importance of proper channel planning to maximize throughput and mitigate the adverse effects of interference.
subject: SPECIAL SECTION ON TELECOMMUNICATIONS
  topic: section
subject: quality of service metrics
  topic: keywords
subject: co-channel interference
  topic: keywords
subject: IEEE 802.11g
  topic: keywords
subject: IEEE 802.11n
  topic: keywords
creator: Sayri Alta
creator: Belén Altamirano
creator: Álex Arévalo
creator: Leonel Cando
creator: Doménica Salazar
creator: Ivanna Sotomayor
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
date: 2025-08-19
publication date: 2025-08-19
starting page: 9
ending page: 22
doi: 10.24133/maskay.v16i1.4146

Maskay Vol. 15 No. 1
type: item
description: Maskay Vol. 15 No. 1
subject: COMPLETE ISSUE
  topic: section
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
date: 2024-12-12
publication date: 2024-12-12
starting page: 1
ending page: 10

Maskay Vol. 14 No. 2
type: item
description: Maskay Vol. 14 No. 2
subject: COMPLETE ISSUE
  topic: section
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
date: 2024-06-01
publication date: 2024-06-01
starting page: 1
ending page: 24

Maskay Vol. 14 No. 1
type: item
description: Maskay Vol. 14 No. 1
subject: COMPLETE ISSUE
  topic: section
rights: Copyright (c) 2023 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
date: 2023-12-01
publication date: 2023-12-01
starting page: 1
ending page: 9

Maskay Vol. 13 No. 2
type: item
description: Maskay Vol. 13 No. 2
subject: COMPLETE ISSUE
  topic: section
rights: Copyright (c) 2023 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
date: 2023-06-01
publication date: 2023-06-01
starting page: 1
ending page: 8

Maskay Vol. 13 No. 1
type: item
description: Maskay Vol. 13 No. 1
subject: COMPLETE ISSUE
  topic: section
rights: Copyright (c) 2022 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
date: 2022-12-01
publication date: 2022-12-01
starting page: 1
ending page: 14

Maskay Vol. 12 No. 2
type: item
description: Maskay Vol. 12 No. 2
subject: COMPLETE ISSUE
  topic: section
rights: Copyright (c) 2022 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
date: 2022-06-01
publication date: 2022-06-01
starting page: 1
ending page: 14

Maskay Vol. 12 No. 1
type: item
description: Maskay Vol. 12 No. 1
subject: COMPLETE ISSUE
  topic: section
rights: Copyright (c) 2021 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
date: 2021-12-01
publication date: 2021-12-01
starting page: 1
ending page: 15

Prototype of a self-sustainable weather station for real-time monitoring of climate variables in Salinas
type: item
description: This research proposes the development of a low-cost weather station prototype integrating microcontrollers, environmental sensors, and IoT technology, aiming to evaluate its measurement accuracy through comparison with official data from Ecuador’s National Institute of Meteorology and Hydrology (INAMHI). The study examines key meteorological variables, including temperature, humidity, UV-A radiation, air quality, atmospheric pressure, and wind speed/direction, employing an experimental quantitative methodology structured in sequential phases: technological architecture design, system implementation, and data validation. For data validation, rigorous statistical methods were applied, including: individual error determination, standard deviation analysis, margin of error calculation, and Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE)1. Results demonstrate acceptable error margins across critical variables: temperature measurements showed a mean error of ±0.3°C (MAPE: 1.15%), humidity displayed a -2.8% bias (MAPE: 6.7%), while atmospheric pressure achieved exceptional precision (MAPE: 0.034%). This work validates the prototype’s technical feasibility. It establishes a methodological framework for optimizing meteorological sensors in coastal environments like Santa Elena, Ecuador, ultimately contributing to more accessible and reliable environmental monitoring systems.
subject: TECHNICAL PAPERS
  topic: section
subject: Weather Station
  topic: keywords
subject: IoT
  topic: keywords
subject: LoRa
  topic: keywords
creator: Mario Alomoto Tomalá
creator: José Regatto
creator: Geovanny Ortega
creator: Jonathan Velásquez
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
date: 2025-05-29
publication date: 2025-05-29
starting page: 1
ending page: 9
doi: 10.24133/maskay.v15i2.3833

Biometric System: Study of Radiation on the Human Arm
type: item
description: The study assessed radiation power absorption in the 1.5 to 5 GHz range for Wi-Fi, LTE, and AM modulation, using three Vivaldi antennas in an anechoic chamber with a phantom arm made of animal bone, ballistic gel, and pigskin. Wi-Fi showed the highest absorption levels, but these values (0.168 mW and 0.050 mW) were below ICNIRP safety limits, indicating no significant risk to human health.
subject: TECHNICAL PAPERS
  topic: section
subject: Wi-Fi
  topic: keywords
subject: LTE
  topic: keywords
subject: SAR 2020
  topic: keywords
subject: ICNIRP 2020
  topic: keywords
subject: Power absorption
  topic: keywords
subject: Modulation
  topic: keywords
creator: Jenny Cruz
creator: Alex Ñaupa
creator: Belén Silva
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
date: 2024-12-12
publication date: 2024-12-12
starting page: 1
ending page: 10
doi: 10.24133/maskay.v15i1.3567

Design and implementation of a patch-fractal antenna with phase control using Butler matrix
type: item
description: The study presents the successful design and implementation of a phase-controlled patch-fractal antenna using the Butler array. This work focuses on developing a laboratory prototype of a 4x4 array using microstrip technology. Theoretical conditions are established, and the theoretical basis of the microwave circuits that make up the matrix is described. Each element is individually designed, optimized, and simulated using specialized software (Ansoft Designer and Advanced Design System), and then its performance is verified by evaluating functional parameters. The tested designs are integrated into a single circuit to form the Butler matrix and are subjected to simulation and optimization before manufacturing. The functionality of the components is verified using a vector network analyzer. An analysis of the discrepancy between the measured values and the theoretical target parameters is performed, providing a comprehensive evaluation of the prototype's performance. Implementing the 4x4 Butler matrix together with the design of patch-fractal microstrip antennas has allowed practical phase control, demonstrating its viability in various applications. Results from both simulation and laboratory tests support the ability to direct the radiation lobe in various areas without the need for additional mechanical structures. The applicability of this antenna in short-range radar systems is highlighted, offering flexibility in addressing without compromising essential electromagnetic properties. For future applications requiring more precise control with a more significant number of radiation lobes, a Butler array with more ports is suggested.
subject: TECHNICAL PAPERS
  topic: section
subject: Butler matrix
  topic: keywords
subject: Patch-fractal antenna
  topic: keywords
subject: Micro-strip
  topic: keywords
subject: Microwave
  topic: keywords
creator: Joel Marcelo Chuquimarca Pomagualli
creator: Ariel Orellana
creator: Fabian Chamba
creator: Xavier Badillo
creator: Cristian Leon
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
date: 2024-05-28
publication date: 2024-05-28
starting page: 17
ending page: 24
doi: 10.24133/maskay.v14i2.3497

Construction of a micro-hydroelectric generator based on a lower intake crossflow turbine
type: item
description: The study focuses on developing a micro-hydroelectric generator using a bottom inlet cross-flow turbine that takes advantage of the hydraulic potential of irrigation canals. The methodology used is quantitative and experimental and is based on a flow chart describing the stages from the creation to the implementation of the prototype. Variables such as water height and flow, as well as the dimensions of the irrigation canal, which could not be modified due to the agricultural activities carried out at the site, were taken into account. The results obtained from the field implementation of the designed prototype show that the generator can reach a power value of 93 W with an efficiency percentage of 11.3%, which sustainably produces energy in remote areas. In conclusion, the study highlights the need to explore new renewable and sustainable energy sources in response to the current energy crisis affecting society; it emphasizes the need to adopt cleaner energy alternatives that limit dependence on non-renewable resources while controlling the adverse effects of climate change.
subject: TECHNICAL PAPERS
  topic: section
subject: Flow
  topic: keywords
subject: Hydroelectric
  topic: keywords
subject: Micro-generator
  topic: keywords
subject: Turbine
  topic: keywords
subject: Water flow
  topic: keywords
creator: Nilton Zeballos
creator: Arturo Cosi
creator: Vigil Mamani
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
date: 2024-05-10
publication date: 2024-05-10
starting page: 7
ending page: 16
doi: 10.24133/maskay.v14i2.3442

Use of the 433MHz band for underwater communications in controlled environments
type: item
description: This research aims to design and implement an underwater communication system using radio frequency modules and Arduino. Underwater wireless communication is challenging due to the attenuation of electromagnetic waves in water. However, radio frequency signals in the 433MHz range and the added antenna have successfully transferred data. For this purpose, measurements are made at different distances, and data is collected in the aquatic environment and free space. A comparative analysis of the values of arrival powers and losses in the studied environment is carried out to verify the efficiency of this study in terms of range, transmission speed, and reliability.
subject: TECHNICAL PAPERS
  topic: section
subject: underwater communication
  topic: keywords
subject: radio frequency
  topic: keywords
subject: aquatic environment
  topic: keywords
subject: free space
  topic: keywords
creator: MariaJose Delgado
creator: Steven Alexis Chango Vela
creator: Mateo Sebastián Benavidez Sisalima
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
date: 2024-03-01
publication date: 2024-03-01
starting page: 1
ending page: 6
doi: 10.24133/maskay.v14i2.3176

Design of an optical-wireless system for the analysis of free space optics technology
type: item
description: In this paper, a study oriented to Free Space Optics (FSO) is carried out, identifying its main benefits and limitations. A practical case study is also considered in the city of Loja (Ecuador) for designing FSO technology, assessing suitable sites for deployment, climatic conditions and line of sight between the selected nodes, and technical characteristics of the equipment considered. Path loss and channel geometry analyses are also performed, where the results obtained allow understanding under which atmospheric conditions an optimal link is available. The study is validated by executing simulations using Optisystem software and considering several study scenarios. One of the actual results identified is the transmission rate supported by FSO technology in different atmospheric conditions, exceeding 3 km, and the high bandwidth offered compared to other technologies, such as RF, that are limited by similar factors.
subject: TECHNICAL PAPERS
  topic: section
subject: Free Space Optics
  topic: keywords
subject: optical communications
  topic: keywords
subject: optical channel
  topic: keywords
subject: Bit Error Rate, attenuation
  topic: keywords
creator: Jhandry Torres-Rojas
creator: Paulo Samaniego-Rojas
rights: Copyright (c) 2023 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
date: 2023-10-10
publication date: 2023-10-10
starting page: 1
ending page: 9
doi: 10.24133/maskay.v14i1.3159

Comparative analysis of propagation models in mobile telephony in the 1900 MHz band (LTE) using electric field measurements in Ambato city
type: item
description: This paper presents a comparative analysis of the propagation models Hata Extended, SUI with a frequency correction factor, and Ericsson 9999 in mobile telephony systems operating in the 1900 MHz band (LTE). The study is carried out by measuring the electric field to establish a recommendation for an existing propagation model that fits the characteristics of the urban area of Ambato City. First, five base stations were located. Then, two base stations working in the band and technology mentioned above are chosen. Subsequently, four radial limits were drawn in the surroundings of the base stations, and four electric field measurement campaigns were carried out with the Narda SRM-3006 equipment for a total of 48 points for 6 minutes per point. In addition, the coordinates of the measurement points were determined using the Spectra Precision Mobile Mapper 50 equipment, obtaining the distances and heights of the terrain with great precision. With the data collected, the propagation losses are calculated to bring the theoretical electric field of each propagation model. Next, a comparison of the measured electric field values concerning each model's theoretical electric field values is performed to evaluate which model best fits the measurements. Also, a comparison of the RMSE is made. Finally, it is concluded that the SUI model with frequency correction factor is the best fit for the urban environment in Ambato.
subject: TECHNICAL PAPERS
  topic: section
subject: Mobile Telephony
  topic: keywords
subject: Electric Field
  topic: keywords
subject: LTE
  topic: keywords
subject: QoS
  topic: keywords
creator: Anthonny Flores Nuñez
creator: Hugo Moreno
creator: Jefferson Ribadeneira
creator: David Moreno Avilés
rights: Copyright (c) 2023 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
date: 2023-04-14
publication date: 2023-04-14
starting page: 1
ending page: 8
doi: 10.24133/maskay.v13i2.2899

Comparative analysis of propagation path loss models for mobile communication in Riobamba
type: item
description: Propagation loss models play an essential role in the planning and designing of a cellular network to determine critical aspects of the system, such as optimization, power level adjustments, and placement of wireless network antennas. In addition, these models are used to predict path loss in a given environment. This paper analyzes and compares different propagation models based on measured data: The log-normal Model, the Okumura-Hata Model, the Standford University Interim (SUI) Model, the COST-231 Model, and the Walfisch-Bertoni Model. The power measurement data is taken in 5 urban sectors of Riobamba at an operating frequency of the Claro telephone network of 1900 MHz with the help of the Network Cell Info Lite application. The analysis and comparison results conclude that the Log-Normal and SUI models perform best in the five environments.
subject: TECHNICAL PAPERS
  topic: section
subject: Propagation path loss
  topic: keywords
subject: empirical models
  topic: keywords
subject: mobile communications
  topic: keywords
subject: received signal strength
  topic: keywords
subject: urban environment
  topic: keywords
creator: Galo Andy
creator: Jhenny Gusñay
creator: Marlon Ovaco Medina
creator: Angel Puma
creator: Angel Uvidia Ñauñay
rights: Copyright (c) 2022 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
date: 2022-12-23
publication date: 2022-12-23
starting page: 1
ending page: 7
doi: 10.24133/maskay.v13i1.2818

Dual-band monopole antennas for RF energy harvesting from the environment
type: item
description: This paper presents two low-cost dual-band antennas for collecting ambient RF energy from the GSM-850, GSM-1900, and UMTS-2100 MHz bands. Both rectennas (Rectifying Antennas) are based on Defected Grounded Structure (DGS) antennas. The first one is designed with a square resonator ring. The bandwidth is between 73.4 and 145 MHz, with a gain of 2.29 and 3.53 dBi. The other has a bandwidth of 86 and 124.8 MHz with a gain of 1 and 3.8 dBi. In addition, a triple-band rectifier with an HSMS-286C Schottky diode is used to improve the RF to DC power conversion efficiency. Measurement results show that between 150 and 308 mV of DC is harvested during 8 hours at 50 meters from a telephone base station. In 86 continuous hours of exposure to this station, a DC voltage between 4.0 and 4.50 volts of ambient RF energy is obtained.
subject: TECHNICAL PAPERS
  topic: section
subject: Monopole antenna
  topic: keywords
subject: dual-band
  topic: keywords
subject: GMS band
  topic: keywords
subject: rectifier
  topic: keywords
subject: energy harvesting
  topic: keywords
creator: Edison Andres Zapata Ochoa
creator: Francisco López
creator: Germán Góez
rights: Copyright (c) 2021 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
date: 2021-11-10
publication date: 2021-11-10
starting page: 10
ending page: 15
doi: 10.24133/maskay.v12i1.2283