Revista de Ciencias de Seguridad y Defensa
La revista de Ciencias de Seguridad y Defensa es un órgano de difusión científica trimestral del Departamento de Seguridad y Defensa de la Universidad de las Fuerzas Armadas - ESPE, cuyos contenidos giran en base a temas como: seguridad, defensa, historia militar, sociología militar, geopolítica, educación militar, estrategia, paz y desarrollo.
Politicas de acceso y reuso El autor, conserva el derecho a ser propietario intelectual del artículo y podría solicitar al Director de la Revista el uso posterior de este trabajo. El lector, tiene derecho a enviar los comentarios que crea conveniente sobre los artículos de la revista, y a participar en los foros que se organicen en torno de los artículos de la revista.
Autonomous AI in Cognitive Warfare: New Frontiers of Silent Conflict.
This article examined the emerging role of autonomous artificial intelligence systems in the field of cognitive warfare, understood as the set of operations aimed at influencing the mental processes of individuals and groups. It was found that these systems were designed not only to perform automated tasks, but also to adapt to dynamic contexts to maximize psychological impact. The main objective was to analyze how these technologies expanded the domain of confrontation beyond physical and digital spaces, directly affecting human perception, judgment, and decision-making. A qualitative methodology was employed, based on document analysis, case studies, and the development of prospective scenarios. The findings revealed that autonomous artificial intelligence not only enhanced the effectiveness of information manipulation campaigns but also enabled massive message personalization and adaptive optimization of influence tactics. It was concluded that this new frontier of silent conflict presents strategic, ethical, and legal challenges for States, which still lack adequate regulatory frameworks to address it. The most innovative aspect identified was the capacity of these technologies to operate independently in cognitive environments without direct human supervision, thereby redefining traditional rules of power in the international security landscape.
artificial intelligence, cognitive warfare, autonomy, perception, silent conflict.
Copyright (c) 2025 JUAN DE DIOS MESEGUER GONZÁLEZ http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Leadership and its impact on the cohesion and performance of Law Enforcement Forces
This study investigates the impact of leadership on the cohesion and performance of law enforcement in Ecuador. The theoretical framework is based on conceptualizing leadership in military and police contexts, highlighting transformational and transactional styles. Through a systematic review approach, the current type of leadership in law enforcement was analyzed to identify efficiencies and areas for improvement. The results indicate that transformational and transactional leadership favors group cohesion and positive psychological capital, which is essential for performance and operational effectiveness. This analysis offers a renewed leadership model that seeks to form competent and committed leaders, who, based on institutional principles and values, will become a strategic advantage in the face of threats and growing regional instability
Operating performance; law enforcement; transformational leadership; transactional leadership, strategic advantage
Copyright (c) 2025 Rodrigo Hernán Rivas Paz, Milton Patricio Altamirano Paredes, José Alejandro Velasco Jaramillo, Fabián Eduardo Sani Cando http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Simulation of Cyberattacks on Web Services in Controlled Environments: A Secure Approach to Vulnerability Assessment
The OWASP Juice Shop application was the target of this study to simulate cyber-attacks on web services in a controlled environment. SQL injection, open ports, malicious file uploads, directory traversal, cross-site request forgery (CSRF) and other common vulnerabilities were examined. To avoid ethical and legal consequences, the research was conducted in a secure environment. Findings included major flaws, such as open ports that allowed access to services and a SQL injection flaw that allowed unauthorized access to the database. XSS attacks demonstrated the execution of malicious code. However, the application was able to resist directory traversal attacks and malicious file uploads. To address the growing threat of cyberattacks, this study underscores the critical importance of incorporating strong cybersecurity measures into web services development beyond typical development considerations.
Cybersecurity,Web Services, Virtualization
Copyright (c) 2025 Alison Paola Moncayo Achilchisa, Andrés Sebastián Almeida Jara, Darwin Roberto Valdiviezo Cóndor http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
S&M Operational Tactical Backpack (M.O.T. S&M),
In this work, problems affecting military personnel were identified and solutions were proposed through the design of the S&M Tactical Operations Backpack. This backpack aims to provide a versatile and safe tool, utilizing materials, accessories, and technology to facilitate its use, with the objective of minimizing risks in special operations, airborne operations, organized river crossings, and riverine operations. In recent years, our military personnel have suffered accidental injuries in various activities, both in real operations and during instruction and/or training, due to the physical demands of their professional tasks. Tactical backpacks offer greater security, comfort, and ergonomics compared to traditional or standard-issue backpacks.
Copyright (c) 2025 Gonzalo Viterbo Martínez Abarca http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Gamification to improve academic results and motivation in military students
This research focuses on showing that the Gamification methodology can improve the academic results and increase the motivation in military students for the English subject. The study was conducted with 103 young male recruits from the Ecuadorian Navy. The teacher did some research about how Gamification works in educational and military contexts. After choosing what she thought it was the most appropriate video game, she proceeded to plan and “gamify” all the class activities to recreate the chosen game during one didactic unit. The researcher designed this study by applying two tests. The first one was before applying the Gamification methodology and the other one was after the implementation. She also applied one survey to students to poll their opinions and views toward the English activities before and after the implementation of the Gamification methodology. The method used in this study was mixed since there are quantitative and qualitative data. The results were analysed by comparing the academic results from didactic unit 1 where the Gamification methodology was not used and didactic unit 2 where the Gamification methodology was implemented. Besides, the results of the survey were also analysed to determine if military students had a positive attitude toward this methodology. At the end of the study, a discussion takes place to compare the results of this investigation with other authors.
Copyright (c) 2025 María Paola Moncayo Mendoza, Jazmin Ivón Mena Mayorga http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Vulnerability Analysis in a Virtual Network Environment: Implementing Nessus as an Assessment Tool
This article examines vulnerabilities in virtual network environments, in a context where organizations have a growing need for cybersecurity and opt for virtualization solutions. These environments present unique challenges, such as infrastructure complexity and resource allocation, which can lead to vulnerabilities not typically found in physical networks. Using the Nessus tool to perform security audits, various critical vulnerabilities were identified and different corrective measures were proposed, such as software upgrades and tighter security configurations. The analyses performed on a simulated virtual network demonstrate the importance of a holistic approach to protecting IT infrastructure, data, mitigating risks associated with misconfigurations. This approach is essential to ensure data security and operational integrity in an increasingly digitized environment.
Copyright (c) 2025 Jhon Alexander Munarco Santos, Cristopher Iván Zambrano Córdoba http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Electric Power Generation Microgrids for the Self-Sufficiency of Remote Units of the Armed Forces
The purpose of this article is to propose the application of multiple electric power generation techniques for the implementation of a combined system of renewable energy sources (RES), with characteristics such as scalability, efficiency, sustainability, resilience and environmental friendliness, installed in frontier units or units whose location complicates the connection to the national electric system. This concept, known as alternating current electric power generation microgrids, are systems that allow taking advantage of all existing means of electric generation. In this proposal, we will consider only renewable resources such as sun, wind, water, biomass, etc., for the generation and later control the distribution of the generated power in an optimal and efficient way. From the military point of view, these microgrids make it possible to optimize the fulfillment of assigned missions, especially in border units or military installations with electrical power deficits. The proposal is based on energetically self-sufficient units existing in all the Armed Forces (AF) of the world, whose electrical power generation systems (EPG) operate autonomously, such as ships, airplanes, overseas units or those which, due to their location or function, are isolated from the national energy system. The orography of our country, generally offers many advantages for the EPG, which allows taking advantage of the existing natural resources for the generation of electric power, the evaluation of the RES in places where detachments, telecommunications repeaters, aerial and/or maritime surveillance systems have been installed, is essential for the implementation of microgrids.
Copyright (c) 2025 Galo Guarderas http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Mesh Topology for Simulation and Optimization of Virtual Networks in IoT
Currently, the Internet of Things (IoT) is revolutionizing the way in which devices interact and connect, increasing the complexity in the management and optimization of these networks. This group study explores the application of mesh topology as an effective solution for these challenges, particularly in the simulation and optimization of virtual networks within the IoT. Mesh topology is distinguished by its ability to connect all devices on a network, whether directly or through other nodes, creating multiple paths for data transmission. This design provides notable benefits, such as reduced latency and increased failure resilience, by offer alternative routes in case a connection fails. Throughout the study, simulations were performed to examine the behavior of this topology under various conditions and configurations. The results obtained have been encouraging: the mesh topology not only improves connectivity and data flow, but also optimizes power consumption, a crucial aspect in IoT applications where efficiency is essential. In addition, an optimization model has been developed that dynamically adjusts the network, allowing it adapt to changes in demand and operating conditions. This model ensures that the network operates optimally, maximizing its performance and minimizing the use of resources.
Copyright (c) 2025 Diego P. Andrade, Wendy Q. Pacheco, Edwin S. Encalada http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Síntesis de la Declaración de Estados de Excepción Focalizados desde 2023 y el Decreto Ejecutivo 410
El Decreto Ejecutivo No. 410, firmado por el Presidente de la República del Ecuador, Daniel Noboa Azín, del 03 de octubre de 2024, declara un Estado de Excepción debido a la creciente violencia generada por organizaciones armadas en varias provincias del país, incluyendo Guayas, Manabí, Los Ríos, El Oro, Pichincha, entre otras. Entorno a los fundamentos jurídicos, este decreto se basa en varios artículos de la Constitución del Ecuador, como el artículo 3 que establece como deber primordial del Estado: garantizar los derechos y la seguridad de los ciudadanos. Además, menciona el artículo 164 que permite al Presidente: declarar un estado de excepción en casos de grave conmoción interna. El decreto también cita instrumentos internacionales, tales como: Convenios de Ginebra y su Protocolo II, que regulan la protección de víctimas en conflictos armados internos, y se refiere a las obligaciones del Estado ecuatoriano en estas situaciones. De manera fáctica, esta situación detalla un contexto de violencia extrema, con incidentes reportados en medios nacionales e internacionales, entre estos: ataques armados, explosiones y asesinatos masivos que han generado conmoción social en todo el territorio. Las provincias más afectadas son las mencionadas anteriormente, donde operan grupos armados organizados (GAO) y de delincuencia organizada transnacional (GDOT). El decreto menciona informes del Centro de Inteligencia Estratégica (CIES) y del Comando Conjunto de las Fuerzas Armadas, que proporcionan datos sobre la organización y acciones de estos grupos. Se destaca un informe de inteligencia de septiembre de 2024, que clasifica a los grupos armados según su control territorial y su capacidad de realizar ataques coordinados. Como medida adoptada, este decreto permite la intervención de las Fuerzas Armadas para apoyar a la Policía Nacional en el control de la situación. Así también, se incluye la restricción de ciertos derechos, como la inviolabilidad de domicilio y la libertad de reunión, según lo estipulado en la Constitución. También permite el uso de la fuerza en contextos de control del orden público, siguiendo la normativa vigente, y se extenderán operativos de seguridad en centros de privación de libertad, donde también se ha identificado la presencia de organizaciones criminales. De esta manera, el Gobierno justifica el Estado de Excepción por la alarma social y la gravedad de los hechos, que afectan la seguridad pública, la estabilidad institucional y el ejercicio de derechos constitucionales. El decreto subraya la necesidad de estas medidas extraordinarias para enfrentar la situación y prevenir la expansión de los grupos delictivos. El Gobierno enfatiza con este decreto de Estado de Excepción que busca restaurar el orden público, reducir la violencia y garantizar la seguridad de la población, a través de un trabajo coordinado entre las Fuerzas Armadas y la Policía Nacional, junto con medidas específicas en las zonas más afectadas.
Copyright (c) 2025 Iván Patricio Medina Jimenez, Mishell Romina Angulo Álvarez , Edwin Puente Moromenacho http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Internet de las cosas en emergencias médicas: avances, desafíos y oportunidades: Una revisión de literatura
El Internet de las Cosas (IoT) está revolucionando diversos sectores, y las emergencias médicas son uno de los campos donde su impacto es particularmente significativo. La integración de dispositivos IoT en la atención médica permite avances sustanciales en la monitorización y tratamiento de pacientes en situaciones críticas. Estos dispositivos facilitan la recolección y transmisión en tiempo real de datos vitales, como la frecuencia cardíaca, la presión arterial y los nive- les de oxígeno, lo que mejora la capacidad de respuesta de los equipos médicos y, en consecuencia, incrementa las tasas de supervivencia. Entre los desarrollos más destacados en IoT aplicados a emergencias médicas se encuentran dispo- sitivos portátiles, sensores implantables y sistemas de comunicación avanzados, que aseguran la transmisión de datos a través de redes seguras y confiables. No obstante, a pesar de estos avances, persisten desafíos significativos, como la seguridad y privacidad de los datos, la interoperabilidad entre distintos dispositivos y sistemas, y la gestión de grandes volúmenes de información. Estos obstáculos representan barreras cruciales que deben ser superadas para maximizar el potencial del IoT en el ámbito de las emergencias médicas. A pesar de estos retos, las oportunidades que ofrece el IoT son notables. Su implementación efectiva tiene el potencial de mejorar considerablemente la eficiencia de los servicios de emergencia, reducir los tiempos de respuesta y proporcionar diagnósticos más precisos y oportunos. En esta revisión de literatura se propone explorar los avances recientes, los desafíos actuales y las oportunidades futuras del IoT en el contexto de las emergencias médicas, ofreciendo una visión integral sobre su impacto y el potencial transformador de esta tecnología revolucionaria en la atención sanitaria.
Copyright (c) 2025 LUIS EDUARDO BETANCOURT CRUZ, Ing. Eddy Alejandro Loor Navia http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Simulation of IP Network Attacks in a Controlled Environment Using Packet Generation and Manipulation Tools
The simulation of attacks on IP networks allows us to learn about security and evaluate the network infrastructure. It should be noted that these attacks are conducted in a controlled environment, as such activities are illegal. The simulated attacks include DDos, spoofing, and sniffing, using tools such as Scapy and hping. During the simulation of the attacks, methods were implemented to avoid or mitigate these types of attacks, such as the creation of a Python program using Scapy to block IPs, data encryption with a C program to prevent sniffing attacks, and configurations to prevent identity theft.
Copyright (c) 2025 Steven Pozo Analuisa, Marley M. Sosa, Erick R. Ortiz http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Las Fuerzas Armadas y la seguridad interna del Ecuador: ¿la militarización, la salida a la crisis?
El presente artículo aborda la posibilidad de la militarización por la seguridad interna en el Ecuador, centrándose en el papel de las Fuerzas Armadas frente a amenazas como el narcotráfico, el crimen organizado y la inestabilidad interna. El objetivo principal del presente estudio es analizar la viabilidad, legalidad y pertinencia de esta militarización, desde un enfoque cualitativo, que plantea la siguiente interrogante: ¿Las Fuerzas Armadas tienen las capacidades necesarias para emplearse en operaciones militares con autonomía operacional y ser el actor principal en la restauración del orden y la paz social del Ecuador? Bajo esta perspectiva, se incluye en la revisión bibliográfica la caracterización del narcotráfico en el país, la evaluación de la pertinencia de la intervención militar, la participación civil como elemento fundamental para garantizar la subordinación y la revisión de la funcionalidad institucional antes de recurrir a la militarización. Se hace hincapié en la importancia de evitar la militarización excesiva, la seguridad ciudadana y en la necesidad de proteger a la población más vulnerable, especialmente en áreas con altos índices de pobreza. Finalmente, se plantea la necesidad de evaluar cuidadosamente la legalidad, pertinencia y efectividad de la militarización de la seguridad interna en el Ecuador, considerando tanto los desafíos de seguridad como los principios constitucionales y los derechos humanos de la población.
Copyright (c) 2025 Altemar Tenorio Méndez, Maribel Mejía Rodríguez http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Migration challenges and border security
The present study analyzes the impact of migratory flows on Ecuador's border security, particularly focused on migrants from Venezuela, and evaluated whether this process has contributed to the increase in insecurity within the territory. The methodology used combined qualitative and quantitative methods, including an interview with a border security and migration agent, analysis of statistical data and review of official sources. Problems were identified such as limited access to basic services, the strengthening of criminal networks and the labor vulnerability of migrants. However, it was evident that, despite the measures implemented, there is still room for improvement in migration management in Ecuador. In addition, it contributed to understanding and addressing the challenges of migration in the country, proposing strategies to strengthen border security and combat crime associated with migration, with the aim of improving migration management within the territory.
border, Ecuador; migration; immigration policy, security.
Copyright (c) 2025 Christian Maldonado Montenegro http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
The Rise of Authoritarian Regimes in the 21st Century: Implications for Global Peace and Security
The 21st century has witnessed the rise of several authoritarian regimes, raising global concerns about their implications for world peace and security. This study focuses on the governments of Russia under Vladimir Putin and North Korea under Kim Jong-un, characterized by strict control over information and repressive policies. The motivation for this research lies in the need to understand how these regimes affect global stability, a topic that has been little explored due to the secrecy surrounding them. A qualitative methodology and an exploratory approach were adopted to address this issue, using literature review and semi-structured interviews as data collection tools. These techniques allowed for a deeper and more contextualized understanding of the impact of these regimes. The study's results reveal that both governments employ a combination of internal control and aggressive foreign policies that destabilize world peace and security. In Russia, extensive use of propaganda and disinformation was observed to consolidate internal power and exert influence abroad. In North Korea, the persistence in nuclear development and constant military provocations have maintained continuous tension in the region. The main contribution of this study lies in providing a comprehensive and articulated view of the impact of these authoritarian regimes, which can serve as a basis for future research and international policies. This research offers a novel perspective on the topic, highlighting the need for continuous and detailed analysis of these phenomena.
Authoritarian Regimes; Peace; International Security; Geopolitics.
Copyright (c) 2024 Lcda. Michelle Dela Verdezoto http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Las redes sociales como herramienta en el aula: Un estudio de en la comunidadNuevo Amanecer de la provincia de Pastaza
Uno de los temas que se ha incorporado recientemente al discurso y debate educativo contemporáneo es el de las redes sociales y su utilización para el aprendizaje. En esta investigación aplicada a las comunidades del entorno, se realizará el estudio de las redes sociales, las cuales forman parte de nuestro día a día y se utilizan de diversas maneras. Esta investigación se centrará en las redes sociales como herramientas educativas para conocer los beneficios que aportan y cómo pueden ser aplicadas para ampliar los conocimientos de usuarios de diferentes edades y sexos, especialmente en la comunidad de la provincia de Pastaza. El uso de redes sociales en el aula fomenta el valor de compartir y colaborar; de esta forma, el docente podrá transmitir conocimientos divulgativos a través de estas plataformas, así como favorecer la cooperación entre un grupo de estudiantes. Además, con la implantación de las redes sociales en el aula, la búsqueda de información se ha facilitado, permitiendo al alumnado acceder a diferentes plataformas para investigar y disponer de los recursos necesarios para completar las actividades diarias. El desarrollo y uso extendido de las redes sociales y la comunicación ha generado una nueva dimensión de exclusión en relación con la capacidad de participar efectivamente en la era del mundo digital y aprovechar los beneficios que brindan la conectividad e información, situación que tras- ciende el problema del acceso. Este desafío va más allá de mejorar la cobertura y calidad del sistema educativo formal, pues los impactos se dan a lo largo de la vida y se requiere contar con habilidades laborales que permitan adaptarse a los rápidos cambios que se generan en el mundo del trabajo. En resumen, esta investigación busca explorar cómo las redes sociales pueden ser utilizadas como herramienta educativa en la comunidad de la provincia de Pastaza, identifi- cando sus beneficios y desafíos, y proponiendo estrategias para su integración efectiva en el contexto educativo local.
Copyright (c) 2025 Tcrn. Marco Mauricio Rosales Cevallos, Giovanny Fabricio Rojas Álvarez http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
The Military Bearing, the Strengths and Virtues of the Infantry Soldier on the Northern Border
At present there is little research that allows us to describe and identify the predominance of the strengths and virtues of the development of the military bearing of the infantryman of the Ecuadorian army, for this reason, the present research aims to determine the main virtues and strengths that constitute the military bearing of the infantryman. For the collection of data, the test of Strengths and Virtues of Values in Action by C. Peterson and M. Seligman, created in 2003, was applied to 77 soldiers of the Infantry Battalion of Motorised Infantry 13 ‘Esmeraldas’, aged between 21 and 40 years old. The data were processed in the statistical programme SSPS-20 and Microsoft Excel. The results showed that the main strengths and virtues that constitute military bearing in the infantryman are transcendence, knowledge and temperance, which are strengths such as curiosity, judgement, intelligence and perspective.
Military bearing, Virtues, Strengths, Positive Psychology.
Copyright (c) 2025 T. Crn. Juan Carlos González Carrasco, Lic. Psc. Cl. Dayana Lisbeth Tonato Barreno, Psc. Cl. Washington Rojas http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
LA LUCHA CONTRA EL TERRORISMO ENMARCADA EN EL CUMPLIMIENTO DE LOS DERECHOS HUMANOS Y EL DERECHO INTERNACIONAL HUMANITARIO
La aparición de la violencia que genera terror en la sociedad es una realidad en el mundo y recientemente ha tomado fuerza en el Ecuador. El presente artículo busca, a través de un breve estudio de las normativas nacionales e internacionales, así como de las experiencias vecinales y hemisféricas, enfocar de manera pragmática las dificultades, retos y aprendizajes que nos dejan otros Estados, así como resaltar el accionar histórico de las Fuerzas Armadas ecuatorianas. Consideramos al presente, como un aporte a la constante educción militar consciente de la importancia del respeto a los Derechos Humanos durante la lucha contra el terrorismo.
Copyright (c) 2025 RODRIGO FERNANDO ANDRADE RACINES http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
The impact of outsourcing health services on the quality and accessibility of medical care
The outsourcing of health services, a strategy also known as subcontracting or outsourcing, has been the subject of growing interest in the field of health management. This study focuses on analyzing the implementation of outsourcing in the health service in Ecuador and its possible repercussions on accessibility and medical care. Both the regulatory context and the structure of the Ecuadorian National Health System are examined, addressing the participation of public and private entities in the provision of medical services. Different financing models are reviewed and the importance of adequate management of financial resources to achieve effective coverage is highlighted. In addition, the challenges and benefits associated with the outsourcing of health services are analyzed, as well as the practical and ethical implications of this strategy. A comparison with similar experiences in other countries in the region, such as Panama and Costa Rica, is offered to enrich the analysis and understand the impact of outsourcing in the Ecuadorian context. The findings reveal a complex picture, where outsourcing may represent an opportunity to optimize operational efficiency and quality of care, but also poses challenges in terms of supervision, care coordination and quality control. Emphasis is placed on the importance of establishing solid monitoring and evaluation mechanisms to mitigate the risks associated with its implementation and to ensure compliance with health care standards.
Copyright (c) 2025 Alexander Cabezas Gallegos, Andres Cabezas Gallegos http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Terrorism, penitentiary centers and the role of armed forces in state security
Violence in Ecuador has experienced an exponential increase, mainly attributed to the impact of drug trafficking in the region. The consequences of this phenomenon show the inability of the institutions responsible for citizen security to control this crisis, especially in provinces of the Litoral region, where transnational organized crime groups actively operate. Penitentiary centers, spaces that represent state power, have not escaped this problem, facing activities outside the law such as corruption, arms trafficking and internal conflicts, among others. The prison situation in Ecuador is characterized by a serious violation of human rights, marked by unacceptable conditions and coexistence of fear, threats and death. A critical analysis is proposed with approaches applicable at the regional level, demanding interagency interventions aligned with international human rights standards. Effective collaboration between the Armed Forces and other agencies is addressed, highlighting the importance of developing specific military capabilities and establishing an adequate legal framework. The relationship between the employment of the Armed Forces and the management of prison security is examined to evaluate the impact on the prevention of violent incidents, the management of contraband and the personal security of all those who are part of the administration, security and inmates. within the prison system. With this, the relevance of understanding how the Armed Forces can optimize resources and capabilities in an internal security environment with resource limitations and strict compliance with the observance and respect of human rights is highlighted.
Copyright (c) 2025 Mgtr Melany Yarad, Mayo. Fernando Arias http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Mitigation and Prevention of Slowloris Type DDoS Attacks in Virtualized Environments.
Protection against denial of service attacks is crucial in cyberspace to ensure the availability of services and preserve the integrity of systems. This study focused on analyzing Slowloris attacks in a virtualized environment. An Ubuntu server running Apache was used to host a vulnerable website. Additionally, attacks were carried out with two different Slowloris tools and then security measures were implemented to evaluate their effectiveness in mitigating these attacks. The results highlight the importance of adopting proactive security measures to protect virtual systems against cyber threats. This improves resistance to Slowloris-type denial-of-service attacks in a virtualized environment.
Copyright (c) 2024 Kevin Suntaxi, Nasimba Jorge, Andrés Pallango, Bryan Yaguarshungo http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Ataque de Denegación de Servicio Distribuido utilizando Contenedores
Este estudio se enfoca en adquirir experiencia en programación de Dockers mediante la creación de un Bot- net de Denegación de Servicios Distribuido (DDoS). La estructura implica la sincronización de Bots a través de un coordinador, que luego dirige un ataque al servidor objetivo en un momento específico. La motivación radica en comprender el funcionamiento de los ataques DDoS y la manipulación de redes distribuidas para fines maliciosos, así como en explorar las vulnerabilidades subyacentes en sistemas informáticos. La imple- mentación práctica del Botnet proporciona una comprensión de los protocolos de red y la seguridad ciber- nética. Los resultados subrayaron la capacidad de crear y coordinar un ataque DDoS utilizando técnicas de programación de Dockers, lo que destaca la importancia de las medidas de seguridad para mitigar este tipo de amenazas. Además, el estudio resalta la necesidad de concienciación y acciones preventivas por parte de los administradores de sistemas y desarrolladores de software para proteger las infraestructuras digitales contra ataques cibernéticos.
Copyright (c) 2025 Jairo Smith Quilumbaquin Lanchimba, CAMILA RIVERA MEDINA, Stalin Rivera Vega, DYLAN TIPAN MORALES http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Educate for peace in countries at war through United Nations Peace Missions and the Ecuadorian contribution
This study examined Ecuador's contributions to peace education in conflict-affected countries, especially through its participation in United Nations (UN) peacekeeping missions. A systematic literature review was conducted, analyzing various academic sources and official UN documents related to this topic. Innovative training programs and pedagogical approaches focused on developing conflict resolution skills, promoting human rights, and fostering intercultural dialogue were identified. The results revealed that Ecuadorian personnel deployed in these missions received recognition both locally and internationally for their commitment to human rights respect and their ability to work in hostile and diverse environments. However, challenges and areas for improvement were also identified, including the need for more comprehensive evaluation of the long-term impact of peace education initiatives and greater coordination among different stakeholders. In conclusion, the importance of strengthening monitoring and evaluation mechanisms to ensure the effectiveness and sustainability of educational interventions in the context of peacekeeping missions is emphasized. Further research is recommended to delve into the effectiveness of implemented programs and establish strategic partnerships with other international and local actors to promote lasting positive change in communities affected by violence and war.
Ecuador, education, peace, peacekeeping missions
Copyright (c) 2024 Rodrigo Hernán Rivas Paz, Milton Patricio Altamirano Paredes, José Alejandro Velasco Jaramillo http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
¿CÓMO ENFRENTAR LA SOMBRA DEL TERRORISMO EN EL ECUADOR? UN RETO PARA LASFUERZAS ARMADAS?
Este estudio investiga las estrategias y tácticas de las Fuerzas Armadas de Ecuador para enfrentar la amenaza del terrorismo, incluyendo la dimensión emergente de las armas NBQR (Nucleares, Biológicas, Químicas y Radiológicas). A través de un enfoque metodológico mixto que integra análisis cualitativo y cuantitativo, se evaluaron las operaciones antiterroristas actuales para identificar eficacias y áreas de mejora. Los resultados destacan la necesidad de fortalecer las capacidades de inteligencia y respuesta rápida, así como la importancia de la cooperación interinstitucional y la adaptación a los estándares internacionales. Este análisis ofrece un modelo operativo renovado que busca mejorar la preparación y respuesta frente a amenazas, tanto convencionales como NBQR, contribuyendo a la seguridad nacional en un contexto de creciente inestabilidad regional.
Estrategias antiterroristas y Contraterroristas Fuerzas Armadas de Ecuador; Seguridad nacional; Terrorismo.
Copyright (c) 2024 Tcrn. E.M Marlon Fabricio Luna Quiroz , Ricardo Javier Acuña López http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Terrorism and the influence on the Comprehensive Security in Ecuador to 2023
The present article analyzes the presence of supposed terrorism in Ecuador due to many terrorist actions in recent years that impact in the integral security, causing a generalized perception of insecurity in the population, as well as the problem of terrorism and its link with organized crime. Through mixed research methods, including surveys of future military leaders in the operational and strategic areas and interviews with high-level security experts, the perception of terrorism as a threat to integral security is explored. Possible connections between variables such as capacity, intention, motivation, and organized structure with terrorist acts in the country are also established. In addition, key patterns are identified, such as the preponderant role of drug trafficking in the financing of terrorist activities, the concentration of attacks in the Costa region, and the resurgence of incidents in 2022. The results suggest that, although criminal violence is a growing challenge, there is no compelling evidence suggesting the formal presence of terrorist groups in Ecuador. Rather, the challenge seems to come from criminal gangs linked to drug trafficking, whose motivations differ from those of terrorist organizations. These findings have important implications for Ecuadorian security policy, specifically in terms of designing comprehensive strategies that address the underlying factors behind the wave of criminal violence.
Copyright (c) 2024 Iván Patricio Medina Jimenez, Mishell Romina Angulo Álvarez , Edwin Giovanny Puente Moromenacho http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Una aproximación al conocimiento y la aplicación de la Ley que regula el Uso Legítimo de la Fuerza en Ecuador
This study explores the implementation of the new Law on the Legitimate Use of Force in Ecuador, which seeks to strengthen security procedures in the face of increasing violence in the country. The law aims to guarantee a proportionate and necessary use of force aligned with human rights principles. Through a survey of 103 officials, their perceptions on training, law enforcement, and inter-agency coordination were examined. The results show that most participants expressed strong agreement with the proper enforcement of the legal framework and willingness to abide by constitutional orders. However, gaps in knowledge of the law are evident that must be addressed through awareness campaigns, especially among young police officers who accounted for most of the sample. The need for motivational and awareness strategies on legal protection for security forces and citizens is highlighted. Therefore, the main objective of this research is to provide real and firsthand data about the reality faced by our security and defense officials in their daily practices. It also aims to examine their commitment to the Ecuadorian state and analyze the decisions made regarding the Legitimate Use of Force. While the law represents progress, its effective implementation requires greater training and internalization by its operators, as well as inter-forces coordination. The findings of this exploratory study provide insights into the initial application of the law and the perception of its key actors.
Copyright (c) 2024 Mishell Angulo-Alvarez, Gladys, Edwin Giovanny, FLAVIO LOPEZ http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Diseño y Despliegue de una Infraestructura de Red WAN/LAN/WLAN con Seguridad a través de FortiGate en GNS3
La integridad de los datos, disponibilidad de servicios, protección de la privacidad y sobre todo la protección contra amenazas cibernéticas, es por esta razón que la incorporación de módulos de seguridad es esencial y cada vez más necesario. El presente trabajo presenta el diseño, configuración y evaluación de un entorno que simula topología de red con tecnologías LAN/WAN/WLAN, redes inalámbricas y de la incorporación de servicios DHCP, DNS. Además de un Firewall que actúa como una barrera protectora entre las redes internas y externas. Para lograrlo, se aplicaron metodologías de emulación en GNS3 considerando aspectos de calidad y rendimiento. La incorporación del Firewall demostró aumentar la seguridad en las diferentes redes asociadas, gracias a las configuraciones adicionales que estos presentan para el filtrado de contenido, segmentación de red, monitoreo, controles de acceso, etc.
DHCP; DNS; Firewall; Seguridad de redes; WLAN, GNS-3
Copyright (c) 2024 Jonathan Chillagana, Kevin Giovanni Suntaxi Gualotuña, Jimmy Abel Simbaña Pilataxi http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Citizen Competencies in Academic Teaching within the Scope of Peace, Justice and Solid Institutions
The centennial University of the Armed Forces ESPE in accordance with its domains: institutional "Security, Defense and Society" and academic "Security and Defense", trains integral professionals through its chairs: Leadership, National Reality and Geopolitics, these constitute a transversal axis in university education; In this framework, the objective of the article is to analyze the citizen's perception regarding the university student's exit profile, and their assessment of whether the training process should include the development of citizen competencies. For this purpose, a survey was applied in a random sample of the population using a questionnaire with closed questions and Likert scales. The results reflected that the majority of citizens consulted positively value the development of citizen competencies in the areas of Peace, Justice and Solid Institutions, as well as the promotion of moral education, leadership, promotion of rights, coexistence, democratic participation and pluralism. It was identified that the citizen dimensions considered adequate in the training process of new professionals include: prevention, knowledge of rights, ethics and morals, as well as inclusive strategic decision making. A documentary review of the regulatory framework in the region was carried out, highlighting that in Colombia the importance of citizen competencies is established for integral human development and the strengthening of democracy.
Copyright (c) 2024 Edwin Giovanny Puente Moromenacho, María Fernanda Serrano Aldaz, Gladys Yolanda Moreno Guaman http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Influence of the application of citizenship competencies considered by UNESCO on the national reality, geopolitics and security of Ecuador
The article presents, based on statistics and data about Ecuador, the importance of the application and promotion of citizen competencies considered by UNESCO as mandatory in the 21st century, for which it specifically details the critical spirit, social connection, respect for the diversity and ethics of the population influence aspects of the national reality, geopolitics and security of the country. As a methodology, conceptual cartography was used to organize the analyzed information from different sources, generally bibliographic, especially the academic search Google. The results obtained are a contribution to the promotion of these competencies and the starting point for the study of the benefit that these and new citizen competencies can generate to the Ecuadorian State and society.
Copyright (c) 2024 Ing. Andrea Muñoz . Mgtr, Juan Andrés Romero Torres, Cristina Maribel Dávila Molina, Juan Pablo Córdova Feijóo http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
ANÁLISIS DE VULNERABILIDADES CON KALI LINUX EN DISPOSITIVOS ANDROID.
Los dispositivos móviles son parte de la vida social diaria de las personas y se han convertido en plataformas donde los usuarios pueden almacenar su información personal como contactos, fotos, correos electrónicos, contraseñas, entre otros datos sensibles. Debido a estas características, estos dispositivos se han convertido en el objetivo de los ciber atacantes que buscan obtener datos confidenciales. Para buscar soluciones a esta problemática, en esta investigación se aplicó un paquete de aplicaciones de Android (APK) infectado mediante una carga que se activa a la hora de aprovechar una vulnerabilidad (payload) que permite afectar al dispositivo Android víctima, para obtener datos personales (metasploit). Además, se ejecutaron tests de penetración utilizando herramientas proporcionadas por el sistema operativo Kali Linux, así como ataques de Denegación de Servicios (DoS) mediante llamadas y SMS en el número de teléfono celular objetivo utilizando TBomb y ataques por Cable USB, para analizar el impacto de los ataques y establecer medidas de mitigación. Los resultados demostraron la efectividad de acceder a dispositivos Android a través de APK maliciosas y la toma de control mediante el ataque por cable USB.
Copyright (c) 2024 Francisco Suntaxi Lema, Jimena Tutillo, Luis Espinosa, Ricardo Grijalva http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
EMPLEO DE NUEVAS TECNOLOGÍAS PARA EL RECONOCIMIENTO TÉCNICO DE INGENIEROS MILITARES: FOTOGRAFÍA AÉREA, SISTEMAS DE INFORMACIÓN GEOGRÁFICA Y ANÁLISIS MULTICRITERIO.
El objetivo principal de este estudio, consistió en describir el uso de nuevas tecnologías en el reconocimiento técnico de ingenieros. Para lograr este propósito, se empleó una metodología cuantitativa de alcance descriptivo con un diseño de corte transversal. En este estudio, se abordaron tres aspectos fundamentales: en primer lugar, se detallaron las operaciones relacionadas con el reconocimiento técnico de ingenieros; en segundo lugar, se examinaron las nuevas tecnologías que pueden ser aplicadas en dicha actividad; por último, se presentó la aplicación práctica de estas tecnologías en casos reales en el campo. Los resultados obtenidos destacan la relevancia de las nuevas tecnologías en la recopilación de información llevada a cabo por los equipos de reconocimiento. Estas tecnologías permiten la digitalización de la infraestructura, la cartografía de accidentes geográficos y su posterior procesamiento mediante análisis multicriterio. Todo ello se traduce en la capacidad de determinar con precisión las áreas óptimas para la ejecución de operaciones del arma de Ingeniería.
Copyright (c) 2024 David Alexander Calderón Arregui, Juan Pablo Gómez Espinoza http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0